2011 was a good year in many ways for Functional Safety and Cyber Security. Several instrumentation products achieved IEC 61508 certification. exida Certification alone issued 64 product certifications (http://www.sael-onine.com). With most certification projects, improvements to the design and quality are made. Some manufacturers…
exida explains Blog
Entries tagged with: SIL
- by Dr. Eric Scharpf, CFSE
- Thursday, February 16, 2012
- Functional Safety
Babies, Bathwater, and Australian Safety Laws
The old saying goes, “Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater.” But it looks like a number of people in Australia may be in danger of doing just that with their response to the country’s newly harmonized health and safety laws.
Australia’s new Read More...
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Tuesday, June 11, 2019
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics 10 – How Does a Product Get a SIL?
IEC 61508 functional safety standard indicates Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) needs to be evaluated by three design barriers:
- The Systematic Capability Rating
- The Architectural Constraints for the Element
- The Probability of Failure for the Product
Systematic Capability is achieved when the equipment…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Wednesday, June 26, 2019
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics 11 – How is SIL Used by an End User?
IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 functional safety standards allow Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) to be used four ways by end users:
- To establish risk reduction requirements - How much risk needs/can be removed from the process to achieve a tolerable risk level? (For more…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Thursday, October 31, 2019
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics 16 - PFDavg
PFDavg (the average Probability of Failure on Demand) is the probability that a system will fail dangerously, and not be able to perform its safety function when required. PFDavg can be determined as an average probability or maximum probability over a time period. IEC 61508 and IEC…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Tuesday, November 19, 2019
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics 17 - PFH (Probability of Failure on Demand per Hour)
PFH (The Probability of Failure on Demand per Hour) is the probability that a system will fail dangerously, and not be able to perform its safety function when required. PFH can be determined as a probability or maximum probability over a time period of an hour. IEC…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Tuesday, February 25, 2020
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics: Failure Rates
Failure rates are the number of failures per unit time for a piece of equipment which are usually assumed to be a constant value. They can be broken down into several categories, such as safe and dangerous, detected and undetected, and independent/normal and common cause. Failure rates are often…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Thursday, March 05, 2020
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics: Failure Rates - FITS
Failures In Time or Failure UnIT
FITs is the number of failures per billion hours for a piece of equipment.
It is mentioned in both IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 standards as a preferred unit of measurement expressed by 10-9 hours.
Example: 5 FITs is expressed as 5 failures every 10-9 hours (5x10-9).
When you…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Thursday, March 19, 2020
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics: Failure Rates - λ
The Greek symbol lambda, λ, represents failure rates in functional safety, usually expressed in the unit of measurement of FITS.
λ can be expressed as a total failure rate for a device (λT), or it can be broken down into more specific groupings:
- Safe detected (λSD)
- Safe undetected (λSU) …
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Thursday, April 02, 2020
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics: Failure Rates - λD
The Greek symbol λD represents dangerous failure rates in functional safety, usually expressed in the unit of measurement of FITs, and can be determined through FMEDAs. (FITs (λ) are failures per billion hours, expressed by 10-9 hours).
λD is the number of dangerous failures per…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Tuesday, June 30, 2020
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics: Failure Rates - λDD
The Greek symbol λDD is the detectable dangerous failure rate in functional safety expressed in the unit of measurement of FITs which can be determined through FMEDAs. (FITs (λ) are failures per billion hours, expressed by 10-9 hours).
λDD is the number of…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Thursday, June 04, 2020
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics: Failure Rates - λDU
The Greek symbol λDU is the undetectable dangerous failure rate in functional safety expressed in the unit of measurement of FITs which can be determined through FMEDAs. (FITs (λ) are failures per billion hours, expressed by 10-9 hours).
λDU is the number of dangerous undetected failures…
- by Loren Stewart, CFSE
- Tuesday, August 18, 2020
- Functional Safety
Back to Basics: Failure Rates - λS
The Greek symbol λS represents safe or spurious failure rates in functional safety expressed in the unit of measurement of FITs which can be determined through FMEDAs. (FITs (λ) are failures per billion hours, expressed by 10-9 hours).
λS is the number of safe…
- by Chris O'Brien, CFSE
- Tuesday, October 20, 2015
- Certification
Best Practices in Achieving Functional Safety in Turbine Applications - Part 1
The adoption of the functional safety standards continues to gain momentum in turbine applications. Both industrial and power turbine sites are now requiring compliance to IEC 61511. This blog will review both technical requirements and market trends related to functional safety system design. Market trends will cover which standards…
- by Chris O'Brien, CFSE
- Thursday, January 07, 2016
- Certification
Best Practices in Achieving Functional Safety in Turbine Applications - Part 3
The adoption of the functional safety standards continues to gain momentum in turbine applications. Both industrial and power turbine sites are now requiring compliance to IEC 61511. This blog will review both technical requirements and market trends related to functional safety system design. Market trends will cover which standards…
- by Dr. William Goble, CFSE
- Thursday, May 12, 2011
- Certification
Buy Certified Equipment, Meet the Standard, Right? WRONG!
While correcting a CFSP exam, I read a question which went something like this:
If you purchase all IEC 61508 certified equipment for a low demand safety instrumented function, then to meet the requirements of IEC 61511:
A. No other design verification is needed
B.…
- by Iwan van Beurden, CFSE
- Thursday, March 21, 2013
- Software
Changing the PVST Interval. Hey, my Architectural Constraints changed!
Did you see my Changing the PVST Interval. Hey, my failure rates changed! post? There is more…
In addition to impacting the way the Partial Valve Stroke Test (PVST) is addressed in the SIL verification calculation, the PVST frequency…
- by Denise Chastain Knight, P.E., CFSE, CCPSC
- Wednesday, May 27, 2015
- Functional Safety
Close Enough? Not so Much
Performing a SIL Verification calculation on preliminary design information can be a very useful tool to dial in the Safety Instrumented Function (SIF), Safety Requirements Specification (SRS) content , and define critical elements for the field component purchase specifications. Conceptual verification is typically performed quickly with general design information.…
- by Dr. Eric Scharpf, CFSE
- Tuesday, October 25, 2011
- Functional Safety
Do you believe the numbers?
In a couple of recent projects and discussions, I have come across something extremely concerning. Engineers are very good at performing accurate calculations, and the PFDavg and PFH computations for SIL performance verification are improving in precision all the time. Unfortunately, there is often such a focus…
- by Dr. William Goble, CFSE
- Friday, January 10, 2014
- Certification
Functional Safety, Cybersecurity, and Alarm Management in 2013
2013 was a good year for functional safety progress. exida Certification issued a record number of new product functional safety certifications in mostly every product category - valves, actuators, solenoid valves, PLCs, fire and gas sensors, process sensors, and components. The component category is one of the most…
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