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Entries tagged with: IEC 61508

2012 - Good Progress for Cybersecurity and Functional Safety

I think it is wise for individuals to periodically review things. I like to do my professional review at the end of the year. 2012 was a good year.

Product Certification

Over 60 new products received functional safety or cybersecurity certification this year. Those products and more…

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  • by Dave Butler, CFSE
  • Tuesday, June 25, 2013
  • Software

Allocation vs. Derivation

Please see the first entry of the Requirements Management blog series here.

The concepts of allocation and derivation are sometimes misunderstood when it comes to requirements management.  This can lead to confusion and even to safety problems.  The process of derivation involves the writing of a new requirement, …

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Are All Field Devices Type A?

Are All Field Devices Type A?

I was told by an end user engineer that he considers all field devices to be simple Type A devices.  In IEC 61508, Type A is defined as a device with well-defined failure modes, well known failure rates, and behavior under fault conditions that can be completely determined.  Type…

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Are You Building a Safer World?

Are You Building a Safer World?

Every man takes care that his neighbor shall not cheat him. But a day comes when he begins to care that he does not cheat his neighbor. Then all goes well.”  - Ralph Waldo Emerson

I like to think about functional safety in a similar way.  We all want…

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  • by John Yozallinas, CFSE
  • Thursday, August 16, 2012
  • Certification

Are You Going for Gold in Safety?

Olympic athletes don’t wake up one day and decide to compete in the Olympics.  They don’t arrive at the games by chance or coincidence.  Their journey starts long before the games begin. They are often influenced and inspired by watching others or by their own interests.  They may begin…

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Back to Basics 01 - Functional Safety

Back to Basics 01 - Functional Safety

In the following series of blogs, we'll go back to basics and run down everything you need to know to get started in functional safety.  We'll start with some more general terms and descriptions and make our way to more advanced material.

1. Functional Safety

Functional safety means the…

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Back to Basics 02 - Safety Integrity Level (SIL)

Back to Basics 02 - Safety Integrity Level (SIL)

In the following series of blogs, we'll go back to basics and run down everything you need to know to get started in functional safety.  We'll start with some more general terms and descriptions and make our way to more advanced material.

2. Safety Integrity Level (SIL)

Safety…
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Back to Basics 03 - Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)

Back to Basics 03 - Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)

In the following series of blogs, we'll go back to basics and run down everything you need to know to get started in functional safety.  We'll start with some more general terms and descriptions and make our way to more advanced material.

3. SIF

SIF – Safety Instrumented Function…

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Back to Basics 07– Safety Lifecycle – IEC 61508

Back to Basics 07– Safety Lifecycle – IEC 61508

The IEC 61508 standard recommends the use of a functional safety lifecycle. Any safety lifecycle can be used, but the standard does lay out a nominal 16-step process which can be divided into three main classifications as an example. 

The Analysis phase of the lifecycle deals with gathering background…

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Back to Basics 08 – IEC 61511

Back to Basics 08 – IEC 61511

IEC 61511: 2016 Process Industry Sector

IEC 61511 is a technical standard that sets out practices in the engineering of systems that ensure the safety of an industrial process through the use of instrumentation. It entails requirements for users of process control and instrumentation for component / element or sub-system safety.…

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Back to Basics 10 – How Does a Product Get a SIL?

Back to Basics 10 – How Does a Product Get a SIL?

IEC 61508 functional safety standard indicates Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) needs to be evaluated by three design barriers:

  • The Systematic Capability Rating
  • The Architectural Constraints for the Element
  • The Probability of Failure for the Product

What Makes a SIL?

Systematic Capability is achieved when the equipment…

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Back to Basics 11 – How is SIL Used by an End User?

Back to Basics 11 – How is SIL Used by an End User?

Back to Basics 13 - How Do I Start IEC 61508 Certification?

Back to Basics 13 - How Do I Start IEC 61508 Certification?

Do you want to know more about IEC 61508 certification, but you’re not sure if you are ready to jump in? Don’t worry, we will make this process as painless as possible.

Here is what to expect:

  1. Introduce Scope
  2. Kickoff Meeting
  3. Perform FMEDA on Product
  4. Creation of…

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Back to Basics 14 - Systematic Capability

Back to Basics 14 - Systematic Capability

Systematic Capability is achieved when the equipment used to implement any safety function achieves two goals: the design process has used procedures intended to prevent systematic design errors (fault avoidance) and the design has systematic design control mechanisms such as a diagnostic for incorrect software execution (fault control).  The rigor…

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Back to Basics 15 - Architectural Constraints

Back to Basics 15 - Architectural Constraints

Architectural constraints are limitations that are imposed on the hardware selected to implement a safety-instrumented function, regardless of the performance calculated for a subsystem. Architectural constraints are specified (in) according to the required of the subsystem, type of components used, and of the subsystem’s components. (Type A components are simple devices…

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Back to Basics 16 - PFDavg

Back to Basics 16 - PFDavg

PFDavg (the average Probability of Failure on Demand) is the probability that a system will fail dangerously, and not be able to perform its safety function when required. PFDavg can be determined as an average probability or maximum probability over a time period. IEC 61508 and IEC…

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Back to Basics 17 - PFH (Probability of Failure on Demand per Hour)

Back to Basics 17 - PFH (Probability of Failure on Demand per Hour)

PFH (The Probability of Failure on Demand per Hour)  is the probability that a system will fail dangerously, and not be able to perform its safety function when required. PFH can be determined as a probability or maximum probability over a time period of an hour. IEC…

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Back to Basics: Failure Rates

Back to Basics: Failure Rates

Failure rates are the number of failures per unit time for a piece of equipment which are usually assumed to be a constant value. They can be broken down into several categories, such as safe and dangerous, detected and undetected, and independent/normal and common cause. Failure rates are often…

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Back to Basics: Failure Rates - FIT

Back to Basics: Failure Rates - FIT

Failures ITime or Failure UnIT

FIT is the number of failures per billion hours for a piece of equipment. 

It is mentioned in both IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 standards as a preferred unit of measurement expressed by 109 hours.

Example: 5 FIT is expressed as 5 failures within 109 hours . 

When you…

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Back to Basics: Failure Rates - λ

Back to Basics: Failure Rates - λ

The Greek symbol lambda, λ, represents failure rates in functional safety, usually expressed in the unit of measurement of FITS.

λ can be expressed as a total failure rate for a device (λT), or it can be broken down into more specific groupings:

  • Safe detected (λSD)
  • Safe undetected (λSU)
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